such as concrete-filled steel tube columns (CFST) strengthened with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP). These advanced composite structures combine the robust load-bearing capabilities and ...

The Steel Column function models the trade-off between cost and reliability for a steel column. The cost for the steel column is: Cost = b*t + 5*h, where b is the mean flange breadth, t (mm) is the ...

columns, and footings. Understand material behavior, limit state criteria, and practical detailing considerations. Application of the ACI 318 to cast-in-place and precast systems. Behavior and design ...