Some scientific studies have suggested a link between migraine with aura and a patent foramen ovale (PFO), a relatively common congenital heart defect. With this postulated link, controversy arose ...

which enable the orbital surgeon to assess the proximity to important structures such as the skull base, ethmoidal arteries and optic nerve. Classically, the medial orbital wall contains one anterior ...

MRI suggested that shadow was seen in the posterior part of the left internal auditory canal, temporal bone mastoid and jugular foramen, with a size of about ... and extracranial portions of the skull ...

In both BCVI and penetrating cerebrovascular injuries (PCVI), the extracranial carotid arteries are most vulnerable,11–13 ostensibly reflecting the protection of the vertebral arteries and ...

The inferior colliculus (IC) and the locus coeruleus (LC) are two midbrain nuclei that integrate multimodal information and play a major role in novelty detection to elicit an orienting response.