A 90 year old male with no past medical history to clinic with a complaint of generalized weakness, dizziness, and dyspnea on exertion. Mild lower extremity edema, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea ...

Diagnosis of congestive heart failure can be made clinically in the vast majority of patients if the symptoms of pulmonary venous hypertension (paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea) and/or ...

the fluid redistributes centrally causing pulmonary edema resulting in orthopnea (dyspnea while laying flat) or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND). Hepatic congestion can occur causing right upper ...

improved orthopnoea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea symptoms. Refractory angina 'responders' would be typically those who self-reported a reduction in frequency and/or severity of angina and ...