How to protect your capital against fraud, scams and Ponzi schemes      By Ricardo Reinking   As virtually everyone has either heard or read by now, Bernard Madoff defrauded investors of ...

A Ponzi scheme promises a high rate of return with little risk to ... as profit. A pyramid scheme usually promises a lucrative business opportunity that requires an initial investment.

Investopedia / Julie Bang Risk measures are statistical measures that are historical predictors of investment risk and volatility, and they are also major components in modern portfolio theory (MPT).

The pyramid scheme that the United States began ... In the seminars the network organized, they assured victims that these ...