(In other words, it is not a Red Herring to cite temporal succession as part of an argument for a causal conclusion.) We generally understand it as a necessary condition of A causing B that B occur ...

Among the value-added movement’s most fervent advocates is a respected scientific school of thought that believes reliable causal conclusions can be teased out of huge data sets by economists or ...

This “repeated measures experimental design” allowed us to make causal conclusions about the effects of the noise on well-being indicators. Even after a short exposure, we found a causal ...