Base substitutions are the simplest type of gene-level mutation, and they involve the swapping of one nucleotide for another during DNA replication. For example, during replication, a thymine ...

(Medical Xpress)—In chaos theory – the study of dynamical systems highly sensitive to initial conditions – was first described in 1890 by Henri Poincaré 1, followed by work by Jacques ...

The C-to-G base substitution in ARHGAP11B probably happened much later than when this gene arose around five million years ago, anytime between 1.5 million and 500,000 years ago. The Dresden ...