The question of what protons or neutrons are made up of has an apparently simple answer: quarks and gluons. However, when it comes to atoms’ third component, electrons, the answer is not as easy.

The photoelectric effect, first explained in 1905, transformed our understanding of how light interacts with matter. When ...

However we picture how electrons move around the atomic nucleus, whether in clean orbits or as a "cloud", we do know that they orbit in shells of increasingly higher energy, and each shell can ...

Use what you know about electrons, protons, and charges to explain why this happens. When you rub the balloon on your hair or clothes it picks up extra electrons, giving the balloon a negative charge.

Explain to students that the two electrons in the bond between the hydrogen atom and the oxygen atom can be thought of as “belonging” to each atom. This gives each hydrogen atom two electrons in its ...

By making electrons behave as waves, a collaboration of researchers from Israel and China has produced light with quantum effects, a necessary step towards controlling quantum computers ...

However, electrons move around very rapidly in physical and chemical processes, making them difficult to study. To investigate these processes, scientists use spectroscopy, ...

The 'attomicroscope' consists of two sections. The top converts is an ultraviolet pulse that release ultra fast electrons inside the microscope, while the bottom section uses another two lasers to ...

Electrons and positrons can be accelerated at a faster rate than protons, because of inertia. And the solar wind acceleration doesn’t seem to depend on the inertia.