Turbulent flow while proceeding in a particular direction, like laminar flow, has the added complexity of random velocity fluctuations. The flow patterns never repeat themselves. To convince yourself ...

Grossmann, S. 2004 Statistical Mechanics of Turbulent Flow: Book Review. European Journal of Mechanics B/Fluids 23, 795–796. "To summarise, this is a monograph on the method of stochastic modelling of ...

In a BFS flow, turbulence results in a separated shear layer, which is highly unstable due to the hydrodynamic instabilities. These instabilities generate turbulent eddies, producing turbulent ...