In other words, the values cannot exceed 1.0 or be less than -1.0. A correlation of -1.0 indicates a perfect negative correlation, and a correlation of 1.0 indicates a perfect positive correlation.

Standard Deviation — a key measure of investment risk — is often overlooked by young investors chasing high returns. But financial experts warn that it’s consistency, not just performance ...

This means that 99.7% of the data falls three standard deviations from the mean. In six sigma, almost all of the data (99.99%) falls within six standard deviations of the mean.

While effect sizes are influenced by many factors , distinguishing between correlation and causation is fundamental to a shared understanding of the meaning of the word “effect.” ...