Other major causes of shortness of breath include pneumothorax, pulmonary embolism, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. Pneumothorax is a relatively uncommon condition that occurs when air escapes ...

A 90 year old male with no past medical history to clinic with a complaint of generalized weakness, dizziness, and dyspnea on exertion. Mild lower extremity edema, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea ...

the fluid redistributes centrally causing pulmonary edema resulting in orthopnea (dyspnea while laying flat) or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND). Hepatic congestion can occur causing right upper ...

Diagnosis of congestive heart failure can be made clinically in the vast majority of patients if the symptoms of pulmonary venous hypertension (paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea) and/or ...