It’s the outermost, or valance electrons that interact during bonding, and many chemists find it useful to depict these valence electrons as dots around the atom’s symbol when drawing out ...

The distribution of outermost shell electrons, known as valence electrons ... synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments at SPring-8, the group discovered that it is possible to selectively ...

Using synchrotron infrared light and near-infrared/visible lasers without applying a magnetic field, we observed the response of valence electrons in the (C₂H₅)(CH₃)₃As[Pd(C₃S₅ ...