Make sure students see that each hydrogen atom has 1 proton and 1 electron. Remind students that the electron and its own proton are attracted to each other. Explain that if the atoms get close enough ...

Covalent bonding: Atoms share pairs of valence electrons. For example, in a water molecule (H₂O), each hydrogen atom shares one electron with the oxygen atom, forming covalent bonds.

Due to the delocalization of molecular orbitals, valence-shell spectroscopy does not allow distinction between individual atoms. Here, the authors show that for photoionization, the difference in ...

With a precise understanding of the valence electron density distribution forming this molecule, the group conducted similar experiments and calculations on cytidine, a slightly more complex molecule.

Imidazoles and triazoles are essential chemical compounds used in many medicines, including drugs used to defeat various pathogen-induced infections and cancer. Besides these applications, both ...

However, it has been difficult to experimentally isolate only the valence electron information, leading to researchers having to rely on theoretical models and spectroscopy to estimate it. By ...