Open-front toilet seats — sometimes referred to as “U-shaped” or “split” seats — are almost exclusively affixed to toilets in publicly accessible bathrooms or commercial spaces.

We use two different methods to assess how well a toilet gets the entire bowl clean. First, we use a water-based red paint to create a solid rectangular shape above the waterline in the front ...

including 40 cm above the toilet bowl and 15 cm in front of it on the user’s side. When the toilet was flushed with the lid closed, the aerosols did not leak to the upper part of the toilet ...