Fluids play a crucial role in industrial processes like cooling, heating, and mixing. Traditionally, most industries would utilize Newtonian fluids—which have a constant viscosity—for such processes.

But when the flow is turbulent, eddies introduce a second source of stress. Unfortunately, this cannot – yet, at least – be worked out from first principles. Logarithmic profile. Despite these ...

Turbulent flow while proceeding in a particular direction, like laminar flow, has the added complexity of random velocity fluctuations. The flow patterns never repeat themselves. To convince yourself ...

Imagine a liquid that flows freely one moment, then stiffens into a near-solid the next, and then can switch back with a ...

These perturbations will gradually disappear in laminar flow, but if the flow is turbulent, they'll grow and produce chaotic motion. The transition, then, is the critical point between these two.

In the middle diffusivity state, the fluid exhibited similar turbulence levels to that of Newtonian fluids, like water, with a moderate Reynolds shear stress and heat transfer.