TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. Full text is unavailable for this digitized archive article. Subscribers may view the full text of this article in ...

During the Middle Ages, Danes and Germans predominantly lived in towns ... There were three types of peasants in Europe: slaves, serfs, and free tenants. In traditional times, membership in the ...

Twenty-two million Russians were serfs, still owned by aristocratic landlords as they had been for centuries. Like slaves, serfs were property and could be ordered to do any kind of work.

In ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebeians, slaves; in the Middle Ages, feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices, serfs; in almost all of these classes ...