Varicose veins (VVs) classically result from venous hypertension owing to incompetence of the major communications between the superficial and deep veins of the lower extremity. In a significant ...

Systemic anticoagulation with heparin or its unfractionated derivatives followed by warfarin therapy has been the mainstay of treatment in patients with lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT).

Hemodynamic monitoring is a critical aspect ... systemic filling pressure (MSFP), which reflects the pressure in the venous system and is crucial for understanding venous return—the flow of ...