All systems can be understood using an input-process-output (IPO) model, and the system we call “innovation” is no exception. This model is likely familiar to you from information technology ...

Chowdhury S. Ahammed, Robert W. Herdt, Farm Mechanization in a Semiclosed Input-Output Model: The Philippines, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 65, No ...

Following an input–transformation–output model, the topical focus of the research began with an emphasis on transformation processes or activities, and then considered inputs (represented by ...

1910's end-to-end Input-Transform-Output, (ITO™) platform was developed to address the key challenges of small and large molecule drug discovery, from novel hit discovery to hit-to-lead and lead ...