brainstem and respiration), each of which has a maximal score of 4. In contrast to the GCS, verbal response is not a component of the FOUR score, making it fully applicable in intubated patients.

OSCE stands for objective structured clinical examination, and it’s been around for decades, said Lisa Howley, PhD, MEd, ...

Each of these observations is associated with a score ... the GCS, which would measure only key aspects of level of consciousness in patients who had sustained head injuries. In their assessment ...