Becoming popular in the early 1990s and the norm today, object-oriented programming (OOP) languages, such as C++ and Java, provide a formal set of rules for creating and managing objects.

Functions manipulate data and return a value to the main program. Note: AQA pseudo-code does not use a different keyword to show the difference between a procedure and a function.

GCSE AQA Programming concepts - AQA Procedures and functions of subroutines Programs are designed using common building blocks, known as programming constructs.

Technical Notes on the R programming language, by Sigal Blay. 1) Calling C from R, an introduction. The functions .C and .Call. provide a standard interface to compiled code that has been linked into ...

Carlos Romero, Multi-Objective and Goal-Programming Approaches as a Distance Function Model, The Journal of the Operational Research Society, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Mar., 1985), pp. 249-251 ...

Many sequential decision problems can be formulated as Markov decision processes (MDPs) where the optimal value function (or cost-to-go function) can be shown to satisfy a monotone structure in some ...

According to the TIOBE Programming Community index, the following are the top 10 programming languages in August 2025. Python: A general-purpose programming language commonly used for back-end ...