If a company loses money rather than making money over a given period (i.e., its net income is negative), this detracts from any retained earnings the company had. To calculate retained earnings ...

Calculate dividends by subtracting year-end retained earnings from start-year retained earnings, then net income. Dividend payout ratio (DPR) is found by dividing total dividends by net income to ...

Both types of dividend reduce retained earnings and impact shareholders' equity. However, only cash dividends reduce cash on the balance sheet. Retained earnings represent the cumulative net ...