Concepts and algorithms of machine learning including version-spaces, decision trees, instance-based learning, networks, evolutionary computation, Bayesian learning and reinforcement learning.

Humans intuitively understand causality, but AI struggles. Researchers look at creating AI systems that can learn causal representations.

David H. Jonassen, On the Role of Concepts in Learning and Instructional Design, Educational Technology Research and Development, Vol. 54, No. 2 (Apr., 2006), pp. 177-196 ...